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"Degree of effectiveness and risks
In 2003, The UK ECT Review group published a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ECT to placebo and antidepressant drugs. This meta-analysis demonstrated a large effect size for ECT versus placebo, and versus antidepressant drugs.[24]
In 2006, research psychiatrist Colin A. Ross reviewed the placebo-controlled trials one-by-one and found that no single study showed a significant difference between real and placebo ECT at one month post-treatment. Dr. Ross was highly critical of other published reviews that concluded ECT is effective, and Ross stated that these reviews often relied primarily on studies that were not placebo-controlled.[25]
A literature review was published by psychologist John Read in 2010. It examined placebo-controlled studies and concluded ECT had minimal benefits for people with depression and schizophrenia. No placebo studies or other evidence supported the claim that ECT prevents suicide. In addition, Read reported that although the rate of fatalities associated with the procedure is small and linked to anesthesia - which is carried out several times over a course of ECT - studies indicate a higher rate or more unclear findings than has been stated by the official psychiatric bodies. In conclusion, Read said "given the strong evidence of persistent and, for some, permanent brain dysfunction, primarily evidenced in the form of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and the evidence of a slight but significant increased risk of death, the cost-benefit analysis for ECT is so poor that its use cannot be scientifically justified".[6]
Surveys of public opinion, the testimony of former patients, legal restrictions on its use and disputes as to the efficacy, ethics and adverse effects of ECT within the psychiatric and wider medical community indicate that the use of ECT remains controversial.[26][27][28][29][30][31] This is reflected in the recent decision by the FDA's Neurological Devices Advisory Panel to maintain ECT devices in the Class III device category for high risk devices except for patients suffering from catatonia. This will result in the manufacturers of such devices having to do controlled trials on their safety and efficacy for the first time.[32] In justifying their position, panelists referred to the memory loss associated with ECT and the lack of long-term data.[33]"